Hydrothermal vents are openings in the ocean floor where superheated water is released from deep within Earth's crust. These vents form when seawater seeps into cracks and fissures in the rocky sea floor, gets heated by magma below, and then rises back to the surface through volcanic activity. The hot water that comes out of these vents can reach temperatures over 700°F (365°C) and is often rich with minerals such as copper, zinc, silver, lead, and gold. These vents support unique ecosystems where organisms have adapted to survive in extreme conditions, including high pressure, no sunlight, and toxic chemicals. They are also considered potential locations for extraterrestrial life due to their harsh environment.